Functions + OpenTelemetry

Core Principle

Observability implements the Observer pattern. Business logic is the subject (produces Results), tracing is the observer (watches without interfering).

PURE CORE (Subject)
├── Business logic: fn(args, deps): Result<T, E>
├── No knowledge of tracing
└── Returns Results, doesn't control observability

OBSERVER LAYER
├── trace() wrapper watches the flow
├── Result.ok -> span.setStatus(OK)
├── Result.error -> span.setStatus(ERROR)
└── Business logic remains "blind" to telemetry

Required Behaviors

1. Use Structured Logging (Pino)

NEVER use string interpolation. Use JSON fields:

// WRONG - Unstructured
deps.logger.info(`getUser called with userId=${args.userId}`);

// CORRECT - Structured
deps.logger.info({ userId: args.userId, action: 'getUser' }, 'getUser called');

Why Pino:

• 5x faster than Winston
• JSON by default
• Built-in redaction for sensitive data

2. Redact Sensitive Data

import pino from 'pino';

const logger = pino({
  redact: ['password', 'apiKey', 'token', '*.secret', 'user.email'],
});

// Sensitive fields automatically stripped
logger.info({ event: 'login', user: req.body });
// Output: { "user": { "email": "[Redacted]", "password": "[Redacted]" } }

3. Wrap Functions with trace()

Use autotel for automatic spans:

import { trace, type TraceContext } from 'autotel';

const getUser = trace(
  (ctx: TraceContext) => async (
    args: { userId: string },
    deps: GetUserDeps
  ) => {
    ctx.setAttribute('user.id', args.userId);

    const user = await deps.db.findUser(args.userId);
    if (!user) {
      ctx.setStatus({ code: 2, message: 'User not found' });
      return err('NOT_FOUND');
    }

    ctx.setStatus({ code: 1 }); // OK
    return ok(user);
  }
);

4. Use Semantic Conventions

Use OpenTelemetry standard attribute names:

// WRONG - Custom keys
ctx.setAttribute('userId', args.userId);
ctx.setAttribute('orderTotal', total);

// CORRECT - Semantic conventions
ctx.setAttribute('user.id', args.userId);
ctx.setAttribute('order.value', total);

Standard Key	Instead Of	Why
user.id	userId	Backends auto-correlate
http.method	method	Automatic dashboards
db.system	database	DB performance views
error.type	errorCode	Error aggregation

5. Map Result to Span Status

const getUser = trace((ctx) => async (args, deps) => {
  const result = await getUserCore(args, deps);

  if (!result.ok) {
    ctx.setStatus({ code: 2, message: result.error });
  } else {
    ctx.setStatus({ code: 1 });
  }

  return result;
});

6. Redact Sensitive Data in Span Attributes

Pino redaction protects logs, but sensitive data can also leak into span attributes sent to Jaeger or Honeycomb:

// The problem: You set span attributes for debugging
ctx.setAttribute('user.email', user.email);
ctx.setAttribute('auth.token', req.headers.authorization);  // 😱 Token in traces!

// The fix: Implement a global attribute filter
const SENSITIVE_KEYS = ['password', 'token', 'apiKey', 'secret', 'authorization'];

function sanitizeAttributes(attrs: Record<string, unknown>): Record<string, unknown> {
  return Object.fromEntries(
    Object.entries(attrs).map(([key, value]) => {
      const isSensitive = SENSITIVE_KEYS.some(k =>
        key.toLowerCase().includes(k.toLowerCase())
      );
      return [key, isSensitive ? '[REDACTED]' : value];
    })
  );
}

init({
  service: 'my-service',
  attributeFilter: sanitizeAttributes,
});

SOC2 and GDPR compliance often require filtering at both layers. Defense in depth.

7. Correlate Logs and Traces

Include traceId and spanId in every log:

import { context, trace } from '@opentelemetry/api';
import pino from 'pino';

function createCorrelatedLogger() {
  const baseLogger = pino();

  return {
    info: (obj: object, msg?: string) => {
      const span = trace.getSpan(context.active());
      const spanContext = span?.spanContext();

      baseLogger.info({
        ...obj,
        traceId: spanContext?.traceId,
        spanId: spanContext?.spanId,
      }, msg);
    },
  };
}

8. Emit Canonical Log Lines (Wide Events)

Traditional logging is optimized for writing, not querying. Canonical log lines emit ONE log per request with ALL context:

init({
  service: 'checkout-api',
  logger,
  canonicalLogLines: {
    enabled: true,
    rootSpansOnly: true, // One log per request
    logger,
  },
});

Accumulate context throughout the request:

const processCheckout = trace((ctx) => async (req: CheckoutRequest) => {
  setUser(ctx, { id: req.userId });
  ctx.setAttributes({
    'user.subscription': user.subscription,
    'cart.id': req.cartId,
    'cart.item_count': items.length,
    'payment.method': req.paymentMethod,
  });

  // On error, add error context
  if (paymentFailed) {
    ctx.setAttributes({
      'error.type': 'PaymentError',
      'error.code': 'card_declined',
    });
  }

  // ONE canonical log emitted at span end with ALL attributes
  return result;
});

Result: Query logs like a database:

SELECT * FROM logs
WHERE user.subscription = 'premium'
  AND error.code IS NOT NULL;

Key characteristics:

• High cardinality: user IDs, order IDs enable precise queries
• Flat structure: Use dot-notation (user.id, cart.total_cents)
• Emitted at span end: All context available
• One per request: rootSpansOnly: true

Quick Setup

npm install autotel pino

import { init, trace, track } from 'autotel';

init({
  service: 'my-service',
  endpoint: process.env.OTEL_ENDPOINT,
  debug: true,  // Console output in development
});

Backend-Specific Endpoints

Backend	Endpoint
Jaeger	http://localhost:4318/v1/traces
Honeycomb	https://api.honeycomb.io (+ API key header)
Grafana Tempo	http://localhost:4318/v1/traces
Local dev	debug: true (console output)

track() for Business Events

Use track() for business-level events (not spans):

import { track } from 'autotel';

// Track business events without creating spans
track('order.created', {
  orderId: order.id,
  customerId: order.customerId,
  total: order.total,
  itemCount: order.items.length,
});

track('user.signup', {
  userId: user.id,
  source: user.referralSource,
});

When to use trace() vs track():

• trace() - Operations with duration (API calls, DB queries, workflows)
• track() - Point-in-time events (user actions, business milestones)

Testing

Tests don't change. When tracing is disabled, trace() is a no-op:

it('returns user when found', async () => {
  const mockUser = { id: '123', name: 'Alice' };
  const deps = { db: { findUser: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(mockUser) } };

  const result = await getUser({ userId: '123' }, deps);

  expect(result.ok).toBe(true);
});

Pattern Summary

// 1. Define deps type (unchanged)
type MyFunctionDeps = { db: Database; logger: Logger };

// 2. Wrap with trace(), keep deps explicit
const myFunction = trace(
  (ctx: TraceContext) => async (args, deps: MyFunctionDeps) => {
    ctx.setAttribute('key', value);
    const result = await doWork(args, deps);
    ctx.setStatus({ code: result.ok ? 1 : 2 });
    return result;
  }
);

// 3. Test without caring about tracing
const result = await myFunction(args, mockDeps);

The Rules

1. Use structured logging - JSON fields, not string interpolation
2. Wrap with trace() - Observability orthogonal to business logic
3. Use semantic conventions - Standard attribute names
4. Correlate logs and traces - Include traceId/spanId
5. Emit canonical log lines - One wide event per request with all context
6. Map Result to span status - ok = success, err = failure
7. Tests don't change - trace() is transparent