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Java 开发规范,包含命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot 最佳实践等

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When & Why to Use This Skill

This Claude skill provides a comprehensive suite of Java development standards and best practices, drawing from industry-leading sources like the Google Java Style Guide and Alibaba Java Manual. It covers critical aspects of the software development lifecycle, including naming conventions, robust exception handling, Spring Boot architecture, concurrency patterns, and performance optimization, ensuring your codebase remains clean, maintainable, and scalable.

Use Cases

  • Automating code reviews to enforce consistent naming conventions and class member ordering across large-scale Java projects.
  • Refactoring legacy code to implement modern Java features such as Optional for null safety and Try-with-resources for better resource management.
  • Standardizing Spring Boot development by enforcing constructor-based dependency injection and RESTful API best practices.
  • Optimizing application performance by identifying and correcting common pitfalls like N+1 query issues and inefficient string concatenation.
  • Guiding the implementation of high-quality unit tests using JUnit 5 and Mockito to ensure reliable and testable business logic.
namejava-dev
descriptionJava 开发规范,包含命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot 最佳实践等
versionv3.0

Java 开发规范

参考来源: Google Java Style Guide、阿里巴巴 Java 开发手册


工具链

# Maven
mvn clean compile                    # 编译
mvn test                             # 运行测试
mvn verify                           # 运行所有检查

# Gradle
./gradlew build                      # 构建
./gradlew test                       # 运行测试

命名约定

类型 规则 示例
包名 全小写,域名反转 com.example.project
类名 大驼峰,名词/名词短语 UserService, HttpClient
方法名 小驼峰,动词开头 findById, isValid
常量 全大写下划线分隔 MAX_RETRY_COUNT
布尔返回值 is/has/can 前缀 isActive(), hasPermission()

类成员顺序

public class Example {
    // 1. 静态常量
    public static final String CONSTANT = "value";

    // 2. 静态变量
    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Example.class);

    // 3. 实例变量
    private Long id;

    // 4. 构造函数
    public Example() { }

    // 5. 静态方法
    public static Example create() { return new Example(); }

    // 6. 实例方法(公共 → 私有)
    public void doSomething() { }
    private void helperMethod() { }

    // 7. getter/setter(或使用 Lombok)
}

异常处理

// ✅ 好:捕获具体异常,添加上下文
try {
    user = userRepository.findById(id);
} catch (DataAccessException e) {
    throw new ServiceException("Failed to find user: " + id, e);
}

// ✅ 好:资源自动关闭
try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file)) {
    // 使用资源
}

// ❌ 差:捕获过宽
catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

空值处理

// ✅ 使用 Optional
public Optional<User> findById(Long id) {
    return userRepository.findById(id);
}

// ✅ 参数校验
public void updateUser(User user) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(user, "user must not be null");
}

// ✅ 安全的空值处理
String name = Optional.ofNullable(user)
    .map(User::getName)
    .orElse("Unknown");

并发编程

// ✅ 使用 ExecutorService
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Future<Result> future = executor.submit(() -> doWork());

// ✅ 使用 CompletableFuture
CompletableFuture<User> future = CompletableFuture
    .supplyAsync(() -> findUser(id))
    .thenApply(user -> enrichUser(user));

// ❌ 差:直接创建线程
new Thread(() -> doWork()).start();

测试规范 (JUnit 5)

class UserServiceTest {
    @Test
    @DisplayName("根据 ID 查找用户 - 用户存在时返回用户")
    void findById_whenUserExists_returnsUser() {
        // given
        when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.of(expected));

        // when
        Optional<User> result = userService.findById(1L);

        // then
        assertThat(result).isPresent();
        assertThat(result.get().getName()).isEqualTo("test");
    }
}

Spring Boot 规范

// ✅ 构造函数注入
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserService {
    private final UserRepository userRepository;
    private final EmailService emailService;
}

// ✅ REST Controller
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<UserDto> findById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findById(id)
            .map(ResponseEntity::ok)
            .orElse(ResponseEntity.notFound().build());
    }
}

性能优化

陷阱 解决方案
N+1 查询 使用 JOIN FETCH 或批量查询
循环拼接字符串 使用 StringBuilder
频繁装箱拆箱 使用原始类型流
未指定集合初始容量 new ArrayList<>(size)

日志规范

// ✅ 参数化日志
log.debug("Finding user by id: {}", userId);
log.info("User {} logged in successfully", username);
log.error("Failed to process order {}", orderId, exception);

// ❌ 差:字符串拼接
log.debug("Finding user by id: " + userId);

详细参考

文件 内容
references/java-style.md 命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot、测试规范
references/collections.md 不可变集合(Guava)、字符串分割
references/concurrency.md 线程池配置、CompletableFuture 超时
references/code-patterns.md 卫语句、枚举优化、策略工厂模式

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